Cottonseed Oil: Extraction, Characterization, Health Benefits, Safety Profile, and Application

Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is a commercially important annual fiber crop; cottonseed oil (CSO) is an important product extracted from one of the byproducts of cottonseeds. Oil yield varies with cotton species, places, and season when cotton grown and extraction methods used for oil extraction. This review provides an overview on the extraction of CSO by different chemical, biochemical, and mechanical methods. Functional characterization and physicochemical evaluation of CSO demonstrated the superior quality as compared to other vegetable oils. Fatty acid profile showed higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and found to have promising health effects. Various physiochemical characteristics include iodine value, phosphorus content, moisture content, refractive index, specific gravity, saponification value, gossypol content, and antioxidants are also presented in the current review. Health benefits of CSO and its uses as edible oil in food and other industrial applications are also described. CSO with well-developed extraction method, good fatty acid profile with safe levels of gossypol, is healthy and edible for human consumption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Similar content being viewed by others

Bioactive Phytochemicals from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seed Oil Processing By-products

Bioactive Phytochemicals from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seed Oil Processing By-products

Biotechnological Potential of Cottonseed, a By-Product of Cotton Production

Explore related subjects

Data Availability

All the data used in the manuscript are available in the tables and figures.

Code Availability

References

• Al Khawli F, Pateiro M, Domínguez R, Lorenzo JM, Gullón P, Kousoulaki K, Barba FJ (2019) Innovative green technologies of intensification for valorization of seafood and their by-products. Mar Drugs 17(12):689. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17120689ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Arslan FN, Şapci AN, Duru F, Kara H (2017) A study on monitoring of frying performance and oxidative stability of cottonseed and palm oil blends in comparison with original oils. Int J Food Prop 20(3):704–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1177544ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Athalye S, Sharma-Shivappa R, Peretti S, Kolar P, Davis JP (2013) Producing biodiesel from cottonseed oil using Rhizopusoryzae ATCC #34612 whole cell biocatalysts: culture media and cultivation period optimization. Energy Sustain Develo 17(4):331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.009ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Aydin H, Bayindir H (2010) Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine. Renew Energy 35(3):588–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.08.009ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Bhattacharjee P, Singhal RS, Tiwari SR (2007) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed oil. J Food Eng 79(3):892–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.03.009ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Carbonell-Verdu A, Garcia-Garcia D, Dominici F, Torre L, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R (2017) PLA films with improved flexibility properties by using maleinized cottonseed oil. European Polymer J 91:248–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.013ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Daho T, Vaitilingom G, Sanogo O, Ouiminga SK, Segda BG, Valette J, Higelin P, Koulidiati J (2012) Study of droplet vaporization of various vegetable oils and blends of domestic fuel oil-cottonseed oil under different ambient temperature conditions. Biomass Bioenerg 46:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.031ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Davis KE, Prasad C, Imrhan V (2012) Consumption of a diet rich in cottonseed oil (CSO) lowers total and LDL cholesterol in normo-cholesterolemic subjects. Nutrients 4(7):602–610. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4070602ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Desrochers P, Szurmak J (2017) Long distance trade, locational dynamics and by-product development: insights from the history of the American cottonseed industry. Sustainability 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040579
• Dowd MK, Boykin DL, Meredith WR, Campbell BT, Bourland FM, Gannaway JR, Glass KM, Zhang J (2010) Fatty acid profiles of cottonseed genotypes from the national cotton variety. Trials 73:64–73 Google Scholar
• Fan X, Chen F, Wang X (2010) Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from crude cottonseed oil using response surface methodology. J Oleo Sci 59(5):235–241. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.59.235ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B (2014) Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. Scient World J 1:4–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Ghazani SM, Marangoni AG (2016) Healthy fats and oils. In Reference module in food science (2nd ed.). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.00100-1ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Gui X, Chen S, Yun Z (2016) Continuous production of biodiesel from cottonseed oil and methanol using a column reactor packed with calcined sodium silicate base catalyst. Chinese J Chem Eng 24(4):499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2015.11.006ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Imran M, Nadeem M (2015) Triacylglycerol composition, physico-chemical characteristics and oxidative stability of interesterified canola oil and fully hydrogenated cottonseed oil blends. Lipids Health Dis 14(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0140-0ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Isaac IO, Ekpa OD (2013) Fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil and its application in production and evaluation of biopolymers. Am J Polymer Sci 2:13–22. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20130302.02ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Jain P, Satapathy T, Pandey RK (2020) Rhipicephalusmicroplus (acari: Ixodidae): clinical safety and potential control by topical application of cottonseed oil (Gossypium sp.) on cattle. Exp Parasitol 219:108017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108017ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Jamshaid M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Zulkifli NWM, Arslan A, Alwi A, Khuong LS, Alabdulkarem A, Syahir AZ (2019) Production optimization and tribological characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester. J Clean Prod 209:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.126ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Kittur MI, Andriyana A, Ang BC, Ch’ng SY, Mujtaba MA (2021) Swelling of rubber in blends of diesel and cottonseed oil biodiesel. Polym Test 96:107116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107116ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Kristoferson LA, Bokalders V (1986) Production of biomass engine fuels. Renew Energy Technol 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034061-6.50017-2
• Kuk MS, Tetlow R, Dowd MK (2005) Cottonseed extraction with mixtures of acetone and hexane. JAOCS 82(8):609–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1117-yArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Kumar M, Hasan M, Choyal P, Tomar M, Gupta OP, Sasi M, Kennedy JF (2022) Cottonseed feedstock as a source of plant-based protein and bioactive peptides: evidence based on biofunctionalities and industrial applications. Food Hydrocolloids 131:107776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107776ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Latif S, Anwar F, Ashraf M (2007) Characterization of enzyme-assisted cold-pressed cottonseed oil. J Food Lipids 14(4):424–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00097.xArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• List GR (2016) Oilseed composition and modification for health and nutrition. In: Functional dietary lipids: food formulation, consumer issues and innovation for health. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-247-1.00002-8ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Liu F, Zhao YP, Zhu H, Zhu QH, Sun J (2017) Simultaneous silencing of GhFAD2-1 and GhFATB enhances the quality of cottonseed oil with high oleic acid. J Plant Physiol 215:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.001ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Mahdavi V, Monajemi A (2014) Optimization of operational conditions for biodiesel production from cottonseed oil on CaO-MgO/Al2O3 solid base catalysts. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45(5):2286–2292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.04.020ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Maheswari UK, Jayashankar UK, Suneetha JW, Neeharika B, Harichandana P, Anila KB, Uma MK (2017) Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of groundnut and cottonseed oil blends. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 6(6). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324079663
• Malhotra R, Ali A (2018) Lithium-doped ceria supported SBA−15 as mesoporous solid reusable and heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production via simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cottonseed oil. Renew Energy 119:32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.001ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Manuscript A (2013) NIH Public Access. 28(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0498-2.Liposomes
• Matthäus B, Özcan MM (2015) Oil content, fatty acid composition and distributions of vitamin-E-active compounds of some fruit seed oils. Antioxidants 4(1):124–133. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4010124ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Nain P, Jaiswal SK, Prakash NT, Prakash R, Gupta SK (2020) Influence of acyl acceptor blends on the ester yield and fuel properties of biodiesel generated by whole-cell catalysis of cottonseed oil. Fuel 259:116258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116258ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Nde DB, Anuanwen CF (2020) Optimization methods for the extraction of vegetable oils: a review. Processes 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020209
• Obert JC, Hughes D, Sorenson WR, McCann M, Ridley WP (2007) A quantitative method for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed, cottonseed meal, and cottonseed oil (Gossypium hirsutum) by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agr Food Chem 55(6):2062–2067. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0617871ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Onukwuli DO, Emembolu LN, Ude CN, Aliozo SO, Menkiti MC (2017) Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization. Egyptian J Petrol 26(1):103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.02.001ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Orhevba BA, Efomah A (2012) Extraction and characterization of cottonseed (Gossypium) oil. Int J Basic Appl Sci 1(2):1–5
• Park JS, Choi J, Hwang SH, Kim JK, Kim EK, Lee SY, Lee BI, Park SH, Cho ML (2019) Cottonseed oil protects against intestinal inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Food 22(7):672–679. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.4323ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Phillips KM, Ruggio DM, Toivo JI, Swank MA, Simpkins AH (2002) Free and esterified sterol composition of edible oils and fats. J Food Comp Anal 15(2):123–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.2001.1044ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Pliego-Arreaga R, Regalado C, Amaro-Reyes A, García-Almendárez BE (2013) Revista Mexicana de I ngeniería Q uímica. Rev Mex Ingen Quím 12(3):505–511. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62029966013
• Putnik P, Lorenzo JM, Barba FJ, Roohinejad S, Režek Jambrak A, Granato D, Bursać Kovačević D (2018) Novel food processing and extraction technologies of high-added value compounds from plant materials. Foods 7(7):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070106ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Režek Jambrak A, Barba FJ, Cravotto G, Binello A, Shpigelman A (2017) Innovative “green” and novel strategies for the extraction of bioactive added value compounds from citrus wastes—a review. Molecules 22(5):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050680ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Saxena DK, Sharma SK, Sambi SS (2011) Kinetics and thermodynamics of cottonseed oil extraction. Grasas Aceites 62(2):198–205. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.090210ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Shah SN (2017) FTIR characterization and physicochemical evaluation of cottonseed oil. Pakistan J Anal Environ Chem 18(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2017.06.04ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Sharif I, Farooq J, Chohan SM, Saleem S, Kainth RA, Mahmood A, Sarwar G (2019) Strategies to enhance cottonseed oil contents and reshape fatty acid profile employing different breeding and genetic engineering approaches. J Integ Agric 18(10):2205–2218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62139-2ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Taghvaei M, Jafari SM, Assadpoor E, Nowrouzieh S, Alishah O (2014) Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of cottonseed oil and evaluation of its oxidative stability and physicochemical properties. Food Chem 160:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.064ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Taghvaei M, Jafari SM, Nowrouzieh S, Alishah O (2015) The influence of cooking process on the microwave-assisted extraction of cottonseed oil. J Food Sci Technol 52(2):1138–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1125-5ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Taha FS, Hassanein MM (2007) Pretreatment of cottonseed flakes with proteases and an amylase for higher oil yields. Grasas Aceites 58(3):297–306. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2007.v58.i3.186ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Waheed A, Rasool G, Asghar A (2010) Effect of inter-esterified palm and cottonseed oil blends on cookie quality. Agric Biol J N Am 2014:402–406. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2010.1.3.402.406ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Warra AA, Atiku FA, Wawata IG, Gunu SY (2011) Soap preparation from soxhlet extracted Nigerian cotton seed oil. Adv Appl Sci Res 2(5):617–623 CASGoogle Scholar
• Wen Y, Xu L, Xue C, Jiang X (2020) Assessing the impact of oil types and grades on tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in vegetable oils with chemometric methods. Molecules 25:5076. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215076ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Wu P, Xu X, Li J, Zhang J, Chang S, Yang X, Guo X (2021) Seed-specific overexpression of cotton GhDGAT1 gene leads to increased oil accumulation in cottonseed. Crop J 9(2):487–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2020.10.003ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Yang A, Qi M, Wang X, Wang S, Sun L, Qi D, Zhu L, Duan Y, Gao X, Ali RS, Zhang N (2019) Refined cottonseed oil as a replacement for soybean oil in broiler diet. Food Sci Nutr 7(3):1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.933ArticleCASGoogle Scholar
• Zerihun M, Berhe H (2018) Physicochemical properties of cotton seeds oil and its comparison with released and improved cotton varieties in Ethiopia. Acad Res J Agr Sci Res 6(7):443–452. https://doi.org/10.14662/ARJASR2018.073ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Zhong S, Leong J, Ye W, Xu P, Lin SH, Liu JY, Lin YC (2013) (-)-Gossypol-enriched cottonseed oil inhibits proliferation and adipogenesis of human breast pre-adipocytes. Anticancer Res 33(3):949–956 CASGoogle Scholar
• Zia MA, Shah SH, Shoukat S, Hussain Z, Khan SU, Shafqat N (2022) Physicochemical features, functional characteristics, and health benefits of cottonseed oil: a review. Brazilian J Bot 82:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243511ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Zio S, Tarnagda B, Guira F, Elothmani D, Le Meurlay D, Verdier VL, Picouet P, Savadogo A (2021) Study on antioxidant activity of crude peanut oils and refined cottonseed oils from Burkina Faso. AIMS Agr Food 6(4):920–931. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021055

Acknowledgement

Dr. Manoj Kumar acknowledge the support received from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, under SERB International Research Experience (SIRE) [Award Number: SIR/2022/000363].

Funding

This research is supported by GAIN (Axencia Galega de Innovación) (grant number IN607A2019/01).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

1. Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India Manoj Kumar, Jayashree Potkule & Kanika Sharma
2. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, 27858, USA Manoj Kumar, Baohong Zhang & Vijay Sheri
3. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India Radha
4. Laboratoire de Biologie Des Ligneux Et Des Grandes Cultures, INRAE USC1328, Eure & Loir Campus, University of Orleans, Chartres, France Christophe Hano
5. Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, 642109, India Deepak Chandran
6. Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, 416004, India Sangram Dhumal
7. Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India Abhijit Dey
8. Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, 305004, India Nadeem Rais
9. Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia Marisennayya Senapathy
10. ICAR—National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, 737106, India Suman Natta
11. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, 642109, India Sabareeshwari Viswanathan
12. School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India Pran Mohankumar
13. Centro Tecnológico de La Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia no. 4San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Ourense, Spain José M. Lorenzo
14. Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain José M. Lorenzo
15. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India Jayashree Potkule

1. Manoj Kumar